Underdevelopment Development Africa And Latin America Politics Essay

Underdevelopment Development Africa And Latin the States Politics EssayIntroductionThe widespread economic supra undercoatal inequities and the capacious technological gap that exits between the rich and the hapless-the spiritedly-developed and the developing countries-have rough divided the world into two parts The Rich or the North, and the forgetful or the siemens. The rich countries be technologically developed and economically advantageously off. By virtue of this, they are in a position to watch over and even strengthen their hold not just now over inter stateal economic system but alike over the economies and policies of the hapless countries. The poor countries, which are industrially, technologically and economically under-developed, strain to live under the neo-colonial dependency upon the rich. In the departed, they were the victims of imperialism and colonialism, and even after becoming sovereign separatist states, they continue to suffer from poverty a nd under-development as the legacies of the past history and face move formation at the hands of the rich countries. The latter through several(prenominal)(prenominal) devices like foreign aid, multi- solid groundal corporations,, control over international economic institutions and protectionist deal and economic policies, are virtually forcing the under-developed countries to live with under developed nation and these developed nations create hegemony upon the underdevelopment countries, so called third world countries.If we study the nation and resources among these two, developed and underdeveloped nations 70 percent of population are musical accompaniment in the later category and 30 percent of populations are life sentence as developed nations, but at same time on the side of the spectrum 70 percent of resources tautological by developed nations and save 30 percent of resources excess by the underdeveloped nations. This is undoubtedly a very wide disparity. In the inte rnational arena every nation interacts with others because of technology and free trading. however the developed countries have been creating hegemony in galore(postnominal) ground with their powerful aids of advance technology, sophisticated weapons and powerful army.In this paper I would like to d gross the civilize of Africa and Latin the States and their positions in the contemporary international standards. How these two nations have been suffering chronic hunger, poverty, contagious diseases, racial discrimination, gender disparity, diminished literacy rate and unstable establishment all through in the earlier twentieth century. Attributable to these issues, Africa and Latin the States have paid heavy prices But the developed nations colonized their industries in this region. They pulled out natural resources and used cheap labours and finally they exported goods in the international market. But these two nations did not get any notable benefits out of this, because th eir lands were merely used for the purpose of industrial development without a reciprocal promise of development even the labour contribution by these two nations are not very signifi cornerstonetly rewards . And these industries created more pollution for these nation ultimately the environment polluted what eventually native mountain were affected with umpteen diseases.At the rudimentary stages the positions and conditions of both, Africa and Latin the States were some how similar. If we see the history of these two nations, the prime source of income was realm. But the countrified oligarchies and the rich men were holding the 70 percent of lands and where as there were only 30 percent for the rest of the population. After the independence, African countries they colonized their new farming insurance form _or_ system of judicature, which were based on the cooperative toughie. In this model the new government was settled down with some reforms in the farming sectors. The government checked the middle men profit for the shake of farmers to sales agreement instantly the crops in the market. The new Govt. revised the colonial price standard. It introduced heart-to-heart market system for market prices. It created the cooperative farms for price fixing and also created present friendly opportunities for a market oriented development. But due(p) to some adverse forces and conditions the policies made by the Govt. were not effective. Seidman mentioned, how the managerial was so corrupt as a result the price was very low for the peasants to sell their crops out side the county.INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY SERIES1, Page 242.Seidman raze out that, In Ghana, the peasants objected to the Nkrumah governments state buying agency, the United Ghana Farmers Council. The post-1966 putsch government tried to persuade the transnational buying firms to purchase chocolate directly from the peasants, but they refused. Apparently, they preferred to let topical a nesthetic traders or cooperatives do the task. That insulated the transnational from blame when falling world prices pushed producer prices down. The Tanzanian government also tried to substitute government agents for marketing cooperatives but cost mounted, export prices fell, and, blaming the government, many peasants simply stopped cultivating export crops. After several years, the government re-established the marketing cooperatives.The developed countries farmers used pesticides and they cultivate the crops in the big(p) amount of area. But the Africa and Latin the Statess farmers did not have capacity to admit in the farming land for increase of the production capacity and the land fertility was decrease and the environment degradation due to this farmers lost their copious land. Many African family, they invested their money in the kine, but send their cattle near the desert sand because of feeding.INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY SERIES1, Page 243,258The African society primarily dominated by patriarchy system, so the condition of women was so venerable. The women did not have any property right, even the lady friend child did not send to school. In Kenya the private ownership only acknowledged to the anthropoid members. The Kenya society totally male domination, even in the bureaucracy also effected by the male domination. Whatever policy took place in the bureaucratic level, the women did not include in that policy formulation. The bank also did not break out lone to the female members of the family.especially any arena or a society for their development, the both male and female participation should be necessary. But in Africa and Latin America society was totally mail domination. So it is the one of prime causes of underdevelopment. therefrom the position of women have to develop as they have same capacity to generate wealth, and they also have rights to participate in the development litigate what ultimately help for the progress of natio n building.Any society or nation comes in to sphere of underdevelopment due to several reasons, viz. hunger, poverty, unstable government and not solely from the backwardness. Same kind of situation was happening in Africa and Latin America.The Crisis of African Development Conflicting Interpretations and Resolutions., p. 527.Immediately after independent many third world countries adopted some structural development, in the nation building process viz. road, port, hospital, new institution, education and luxuriously expenditure in the military sector. However these govt. expenditures remained consistently below those of gritty income countries. The foreign private investment and exim policy in the international market, But the market did not grow because of inherent corruption in the structure. The developed countries exported the heavy machinery, croups, clothing and food and the third world countries likes Africa and Latin America export the oil, gold and luxury item in the de veloped countries. We can closely observe how the underdeveloped countries exploit in the international market. The disseminate market gave benefits to the rich developed or the rich countries. The Africa and Latin America did not gain any benefits from the open market and therefore the parsimoniousness was shrunk.Underdevelopment of Development, p. 301. Copyright 1996 by Sage Publications,In the 19th century the Latin America society has had barbarism and the European cultural value influenced the Latin American culture. The elite saw the European domination in the society. In the second half of 19th century the Latin America excess the scientific knowledge and export the raw material and import the industrial products. p. 150 Latin American past, present and future.For the Latin America saving development, the United Nation Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA )laid the founding for the economic analysis, empirical ground written report, and institutional fend that wo uld later inform the bet for the bases of Latin American development. The ECLA pupil much(prenominal) as, Andre Gunder Frank, Raul Prebisch, Paul Baran, and Fernando Henrique Cardoso, combinely worked for the development of Latin America. Andre Gunder Frank gave the dependency theory. In his theory he says that, the capitalism generates the wealth so that, the underdeveloped nations they can interact in the capital worldwide market. But the developed nations they settled down their industries in the underdeveloped reasons. In the open market process the underdeveloped nations they became loser, because the developed nations they settled industries in this poor reason. Extract the minerals and export in the world market. But they did not get benefits out of it. He studied the Chile and brazil past and present history. This two countries histories reflect that, during the epochs of colonialism free trade, imperialism excess the wealth from this reason. At the present time also th e free market capitalism exploit in the name of development. Fernando Henrique Cardoso one of the scholar, who among the ECLA group also gives the theory of dependency. How the poor nations became poorer, due to capitalism and free market the developed nations they access raw material in low price from the underdeveloped countries. Cardoso is a sociologist. He studied the socio economy condition of Latin America. He was the president of brazil and earlier he worked as a economic minister for Brazil in 1980.Underdevelopment of Development, p. 162. Copyright 1996 by Sage Publications.After imperialist prepotency were able to cope with the new situation by maintaining proprietorship of the local export economy in the hands of native bourgeoisies. Some countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Colombia, Chile the export sectors controlled by the local bourgeoisie directly linked with productive sector and they gained their own benefits and create the hegemony. So the country was u nable to overcome from the poverty. The Africa and Latin American countries has some regional conflicts and for which the inhabit country do not interact with its neighboring countries. For example, in Africa the Zimbabwe is a land lock country, so for its treading, it needed for treading communication through South African countries. But Zimbabwe did not get the permission. So these are the things which are create the situation for the underdevelopment.The World cashbox and the IMF funding the finance for structural adjustment. But Africa and Latin American countries still underdevelopment. All the financial support are meet with failure, due to corruption and the institution were not suitable to maintained the funds and the bureaucracy was corrupt too. So the World Bank and the IMF funds were not benefits for the development of the Africa and Latin America.But many scholar they criticizes the World Bank and IMF policies. Because these financing agencies, they saw their own bene fits, and the return continuance was 7 to 8 years and the interest rate was so high and how a country can sustain development within a sort period. Some scholar they said that, the world bank and the IMF work for the developed nation and it controlled by them. INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY SERIES1, p. 306. Immanuel Wallerstein criticizes the imperialism and he says that neo-imperialism creates its hegemony through open market. The USA and other developed nations they capture the globular market and access the raw materials from the underdevelopment reasons, in the low price. So it is a new kind of colonialism settled through MNC and TNC. These agencies work for the developed nations and give the finance support to the underdeveloped countries for industrial development. p. 355. underdevelopment of developmentConclusionThe development and underdevelopment mainly based on the policies and more importantly the structural adjustment. But in Africa and Latin American countries suffer ed due to many causes, these two reasons have many disparity such as racial discrimination, gender discrimination and feudalistic base society and many other cause for underdevelopment in Africa and Latin American countries.